김란희 Ran-hui Kim , 박진규 Jin-kyu Park , 이남훈 Nam-hoon Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.1

Abstract

Generally, the methodology for the estimation of emissions from solid waste disposal utilizes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) First Order Decay (FOD) model presented in the Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The key parameters determining the methane generation potential (L0) are the fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC) in each individual waste type, the fraction of degradable organic carbon that dissimilates (DOCf) through the life of the waste type, the methane correction factor (MCF), and fraction by volume of CH4 in landfill gas (F). The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the country-specific values of these key parameters for Annex I countries. A literature survey was done on the National Inventory Reports (NIRs) 2018 issued from Annex I countries. The country-specific values of the key parameters for individual waste types appropriate for Annex I countries have been selected based on welldocumented research, expert estimations, national research data, and measurements. The results of this study indicate that to measure DOC in organic carbon, it is necessary to distinguish between biogenic carbon and fossil carbon. DOC and organic carbon can be easily confused. In addition, the country-specific DOCf value (0.4446) for wood reported from Korea was significantly higher than that reported in Australian’s NIR (0.10). Thus, the available determining methods on DOCf for individual waste types should be established to improve the estimation of country-specific values in Korea.

Key Words

Greenhouse gas, Methane, Landfill, DOC, DOCf

김기광 Ki-kwnag Kim , 임채욱 Chae-wook Lim , 현재혁 Jae-hyuk Hyun , 양한솔 Han-sol Yang

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.21

Abstract

In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of municipal waste generated in D Metropolitan City, such as apparent density and physical components. We performed proximate analysis, elemental analysis, and calorific value analysis to improve the SRF conversion efficiency of waste. Representative samples were collected from 11 discrete points in a residential area, a commercial area, a business area, and a landfill site. The average apparent density of all samples was 173.1 kg/m³, the moisture content of the three components was 24.0%, the combustible content was 65.3%, and the ash content was 10.7%. In addition, combustible waste accounted for 85.85% of the total waste and non-combustible waste accounted for 14.15% of the total waste. The elemental analysis was carried out on six properties: carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and chloride (Cl). The ratios of these elements in total waste were highest for carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). The average total waste lower calorific value was 2,988.36 kcal/kg, and the difference between the higher calorific value and the lower calorific value was approximately 500 kcal/kg (±50).

Key Words

Physical component, Apparent density, Proximate analysis, Elemental analysis, Calorific value

김종오 Jongo Kim , 박수호 Soo-ho Park , 이우범 Woo-bum Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.33

Abstract

This study investigated the characteristics of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Jellanamdo soils using statistical analyses, including correlations between heavy metals and PAHs. We trimmed the four original samples from the dataset and reanalyzed the remaining 68 samples. A linear correlation (r = 0.82) was observed between Cr⁺⁶ and DahA (Dibenz(a,h)anthracene) concentration, and these compounds likely originated from automobile combustion. In general, the quantities of heavy metals and PAHs were positively and less significantly correlated. We found that BaP, BaA, DahA, and Cr+6 were important compounds in the correlation analysis. BaA, Chr and BaP were linearly correlated with each other and originate from diesel and gasoline automobile combustion.

Key Words

Correlation, Jeollanamdo, Heavy metals, Soil, PAHs, Statistics

강연준 Yeon-jun Kang· , 장용철 Yong-chul Jang†

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.41

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to examine energy recovery potentials and utilization of sewage heat, digestion gas, and sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in city S. This study analyzed the reduction of greenhouse gas, improvement of energy self-efficiency, and economic benefits due to the recovery of unutilized energy sources from the site. We found that energy self-efficiency may improve from 51.6% (as of 2015) to 115%. The energy recovery of unutilized energy may help wastewater treatment plants achieve over 100% energy self-efficiency. The annual estimated reduction potentials of greenhouse gases were approximately 422,762 tCO₂, 18,984 tCO₂, and 73,693 tCO₂ from sewage heat, digestion gas, and sewage sludge, respectively. These accounted for 25% of greenhouse gas emissions from the wastewater treatment plant in 2015. Economic benefits of the recovery were 120.5 billion KRW won per year in total savings as follows: sewage heat (116 billion KRW won), digestion gas (3.2 billion KRW won), and sewage sludge (900 million KRW won). By considering energy recovery from unutilized sources from municipal wastewater treatment plants, energy self-efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction can be improved and economic savings can be achieved.

Key Words

Wastewater treatment plants, Unutilized energy, Greenhouse gas (GHG), Energy self-efficiency

김영신 Yeong-shin Kim , 배재근 Chae-gun Phae

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.49

Abstract

Raw garbage discarded in the form of food waste is a valuable resource, but detailed research has not been conducted on its amount. In this paper, we executed a field survey of G market and analyzed the accumulated data to estimate the amount of waste discarded due to the low value of commodities in the public wholesale market classified as weight reduction in duty business sites. The amount of fruit and vegetable by-products generated within the G market was 30,076 kg per day on average, and the sales volume was the lowest in January and the highest in July. Sales volume was the lowest in January and the largest in July. Chinese cabbage by-product production was 14,831 kg/day, cabbage by-product production was 1,483 kg/day, and lettuce by-product production was 2,076 kg/day, resulting in a total of 18,390 kg/day. The amount of seasonal emergence was greatest in summer, followed by spring, fall, and winter. The average number of waste transports to the transfer station was 17 times. The sales volume in the market had little effect on by-product production, and the seasonal effect was the largest. As a result of this research, we conclude that raw garbage from wholesale markets should be considered a worthwhile resource supply.

Key Words

By-Products, Food waste, Chinese cabbage, Cabbage, Lettuce

권준화 Jun Hwa Kwon , 강준구 Jun Gu Kang , 권영현 Young Hyun Kwon , 유하녕 Ha Nyoung Yoo , 고영재 Young Jae Ko , 박호연 Ho Yeun Park , 전태완 Tae Wan Jeon , 이영기 Young Kee Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.55

Abstract

Heat loss is one of the output heat factors of the thermal method, which lowers energy recovery efficiency. However, heat loss is not the index to evaluate the insulation performance of incineration facilities. Because characteristics such as incinerator type, incineration temperature, capacity, and the surface area of the incinerator and waste heat boiler of each incineration facility are different, the results of heat loss cannot be compared among facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate heat loss rates (i.e., heat loss compared to heat input). In this study, three municipal solid waste and three industrial waste incineration facilities were selected that had a general stoker type incinerator. A Rotary Kiln- Stokes type and a fluidized bed incineration facility were also selected. The heat loss rate of municipal solid waste incineration facilities is 1.83%. This is lower than the heat loss rate of industrial waste incineration facilities of 2.26%. The heat loss rates of the Rotary Kiln-Stokes type and the fluidized bed incineration facilities were 11.04% and 3.08%, which are higher than that of the general stoker type facilities.

Key Words

Waste energy, Heat loss rate, Infrared thermography, Waste incinerator, Energy recovery

김민철 Min-cheol Kim , 나춘기 Choon-ki Na

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.62

Abstract

The objective of this article is to investigate technological trends and forecast vacant technology in the area of synthetic resins waste processing (SRWP) by the patent analysis. We extracted and analyzed 4,748 patents related to SRWP, granted in Korea, Japan, China, the U.S.A., Europe, and PCT between 1997 and 2016. The results indicate that 1) the number of patents deposited on SRWP grows every year; 2) the main depositor countries are China, Japan, Korea and the U.S.A.; 3) China is in the developing phase of the technology market and showing the most drastic growth; 4) there is a prominence of deposited patents for plastic waste technologies; 5) the patents on SRWP are concentrated in the area of recycling for the recovery of material by physical process. The result of OS-matrix analysis for forecasting vacant technology in SRWP suggests that rather than ‘incineration and landfill technology’, which has emerged as a vacant technology in the global market, it is necessary to focus more on the ‘recycling and reuse technology’ that are urgently needed in Korea as follows; 1) recycling technology for polypropylene waste; 2) reuse technology for polystyrene waste; 3) more aggressive efforts to technology development for the disposal of polyvinyl chloride waste.

Key Words

Patent analysis, Synthetic resins waste, Technological trend, Vacant technology

김태영 Tae-young Kim , 이재정 Jea-joung Lee , 장순웅 Soon-woong Chang

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.73

Abstract

With the improvement in the water quality standards of sewage treatment plants to treat effluent resulting in recycled water, the introduction of total phosphorus treatment and anaerobic digestion (at pretreatment facilities) have been recently introduced to maintain the quality and reduce the costs of the recycled water. Indeed, recycled water treatment has become a rising issue in the environmental field. However, a high concentration of recycled water may adversely affect a downstream industrial bioreactor. In this study, the amount of recycled water generated at the sewage treatment plant in D city was estimated and analyzed to determine its concentrations in downstream recycled water during different months and seasons. Also, coagulation pretreatment was analyzed, and was found to be achieved via a 17% PAC; the recycled water and its associated optimal flocculant amount were analyzed before it entered the bioreactor. In order to derive the optimum conditions for the coagulation reaction, the Box-Behnken Experimental Design Method was used. Regression, residual, and contour diagram analyses were used to evaluate the removal of COD_cr, SS, T-N, and T-P. Consequently, results showed the optimum conditions to undergo the process were determined to be a pH 9 with a rapid stirring at 150 rpm followed by a slow stirring at 50 rpm.

Key Words

Reject-water, Coagulation, Box-Behnken Design, Poly Aluminium Chloride

이창윤 Chang-yun Lee , 김지훈 Ji-hoon Kim , 형원길 Won-gil Hyung

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.82

Abstract

Globally, there are environmental problems due to greenhouse gas emissions. CO₂ emission rates of the cement industry are very large, but the demand for cement will continue in the future. In this study, in order to reduce the environmental impacts of CO₂ emissions from cement production, experiments were carried out for the development of non-sintered cement (i.e. that which has not undergone firing or burning) from granulated ground blast furnace slag, high calcium fly ash, and non-activated hwangto (also not having undergone firing or burning). An experiment was conducted by dry curing and a flow test with fixed water to binder ratio. We observed the mechanical properties for the measurement of flexural· compressive strength by mortar, and tested chemical properties such as water absorption, pH, and carbonation. We compared these mechanical and chemical properties to those of ordinary portland cement applicable to construction sites. In the future, through continued research, this will be expected to reduce the effect of environmental loading and to be economically excellent.

Key Words

Non-activated hwangto, Granulated ground blast furnace slag, Non-sintered cement

김태래 Tae-rae Kim , 감산 San Kim , 정진도 Jin-do Chung

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.88

Abstract

In this study, we selected random industrial complexes in which to assess groundwater contamination of TCE. We evaluated groundwater contamination distributions, pollution degrees, and the possibilities of natural reductions around TCE use areas. The TCE concentration in the Area-2 region was the highest, at 1.888 ~ 2.790 mg/L. Concentration distribution depth profiles were found to be 0.004 ~ 11.613 mg/L and were the highest at depths of 30 m (lower part of weathered areas) and 60 m (upper part of rock layers). The estimated amount of pollution in the study area is 347.2 kg, which is mostly gathered in the weathering zone and the rock aquifer. The possibility of natural abatement has been reduced in some areas but has not progressed. There are various methods by which to purify the contaminated area. However, when the sulfuric acid oxidation method is applied to the ones proposed in the previous studies, a treatment efficiency of 85% can be obtained considering that the groundwater pH of the study area is 6.7.

Key Words

Organic solvent, TCE, DNAPL, Plume, Contaminant distribution

김희서 Hee-seo Kim , 임병란 Byung-ran Lim , 이수구 Soo-koo Lee , 신현상 Hyun-sang Shin , 최성필 Sung-pil Choi

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2019.36.1.97

Abstract

CSOs (Combined Sewer Overflows) entering water bodies during rainfall cause water pollution problems because they contain sewage components, including suspended solids (SS) and nutrients. Therefore, proper treatment is required to reduce pollution loads on water systems. This study examined the removal efficiency of filtration systems filled with expanded waste glass filter media under various filtration conditions. The filtration column was filled with filter media A with a particle size of 5-14 mm at the bottom and filter media B with a particle size of 0.3-1.4 mm at the top. SS removal efficiency, including smaller particles, increased as the packing height of filter media B increased. The maximum efficiency was 85.7% when the ratio of the filter media B was 50% at a linear velocity of 20 m/hr and SS concentration of the influent was 100-130 mg/L. As the filtration was combined with coagulation, the removal rate of total phosphorus (TP) increased by more than 50% compared to filtration only. Also, PAC (Poly Aluminum Chloride) was more effective in the removal of phosphorus than aluminum sulfate (Alum) due to its higher viscosity. We confirm that the expanded waste glass-filter media are effectively applicable to the CSOs filtration process, and the effective treatment methods associated with coagulation are discussed.

Key Words

Filtration, Waste-glass, CSOs, Phosphorous, Suspended Solid, Coagulation