박영규 Young Gyu Park

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.571

Abstract

The Malaysian biogas upgrading technologies and policies were examined. In Malaysia, the regulation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) has been enforced to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand to 20 ppm and the biogas capture in the palm oil mills have been recently enforced for renewable energy. A huge amount of organic waste is produced from POME, and 80 million tons from palm oil trees, every year. Due to the renewable energy trends, the Malaysian government is modifying the use of biogases as fuels in favor of their conversion into compressed natural gas (CNG) and other chemicals; various green policies are being promoted because of many advantages of the organic substances. The Korean policies for biogas are a good model for exporting environmental plants after upgrading the digestion and purification technologies. Therefore, this article introduces the current status of POME and biogas production in Malaysia, it could encourage creating a new market for biomethane.

Key Words

Palm oil, POME, Biogas, Organic waste, Anaerobic digestion

홍현선 Hyun Seon Hong , 김율이 Yuli Kim , 오민주 Min Joo Oh , 이유미 Yu Mi Lee , 이혜지 Hye Ji Lee , 차은서 Eun Seo Cha

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.587

Abstract

The coffee grounds generated during the coffee extraction process contain several resources, but the technology for their recycling has not been commercialized yet, causing various environmental problems. Due to the recent increase in coffee consumption worldwide, the amount of coffee grounds produced has been continuously increasing, reaching more than 750 million tons. In Korea, about 120,000 tons of coffee waste are annually generated; however, most of them are landfilled or incinerated. Although there is still a shortage of coffee waste recycling technologies compared to the amount of coffee grounds produced, various recycling approaches are being actuated in many countries including Korea. In this study, the generation of coffee grounds at home and abroad, the status of coffee grounds recycling, and the associated technology development trends were investigated. The coffee grounds recycling has been studied in the fields of energy, adsorbent, construction, agriculture, and bio-foods. Research is most active in the energy and biotechnology areas; in particular, since the oil in the coffee grounds is valuable as a feedstock for biomass energy, the technology related to energy recovery is currently under development worldwide. Removed because confusing and unnecessary.

Key Words

Coffee grounds, Coffee waste, Recovery, Recycling, Bio energy

김동주 Dong-ju Kim , 윤영식 Young-sik Yoon , 정법묵 Bup-mook Jeong , 박영수 Yeong Su Park , 서용칠 Yong-chil Seo , 이병선 Byung-sun Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.600

Abstract

In this study, the combustion characteristics were investigated based on the biodrying solid recovered fuel (SRF) in a 5 Ton/day scale combustion boiler. The composition of the combustion gas containing the biodrying SRF was analyzed, the particulate matter, and its HCl content was determined with the air pollutant process test method. Mass balance, carbon balance, and combustion efficiency were calculated according to the equivalence ratio (ER) method; the energy recovery efficiency of the combustion boiler was also analyzed. The overall combustion efficiency of the biodrying SRF was 97.3 % and the energy recovery efficiency was 80.2%.

Key Words

Bio-drying SRF, Combustion characteristics, Combustion boiler, Efficiency of combustion, Energy recovery efficiency

윤현명 Hyunmyeong Yun , 장윤 Yun Chang , 장용철 Yong-chul Jang

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.606

Abstract

Over the past two decades, the options for solid waste management have been changing from land disposal to recycling, waste-to-energy, and incineration due to growing attention for resource and energy recovery. In addition, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has become an issue of concern in the waste sector because such gases often released into the atmosphere during the waste management processes (e.g., biodegradation in landfills and combustion by incineration) can contribute to climate change. In this study, the emission and reduction rates of GHGs by the municipal solid waste (MSW) management options in D city have been studied for the years 1996-2016. The emissions and reduction rates were calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and the EU Prognos method, respectively. A dramatic decrease in the waste landfilled was observed between 1996 and 2004, after which its amount has been relatively constant. Waste recycling and incineration have been increased over the decades, leading to a peak in the GHG emissions from landfills of approximately 63,323 tCO₂ eq/yr in 2005, while the lowest value of 35,962 tCO₂ eq/ yr was observed in 2016. In 2016, the estimated emission rate of GHGs from incineration was 59,199 tCO₂ eq/yr. The reduction rate by material recycling was the highest (-164,487 tCO₂ eq/yr) in 2016, followed by the rates by heat recovery with incineration (-59,242 tCO₂ eq/yr) and landfill gas recovery (-23,922 tCO₂ eq/yr). Moreover, the cumulative GHG reduction rate between 1996 and 2016 was -3.46 MtCO₂ eq, implying a very positive impact on future CO₂ reduction achieved by waste recycling as well as heat recovery of incineration and landfill gas recovery. This study clearly demonstrates that improved MSW management systems are positive for GHGs reduction and energy savings. These results could help the waste management decision-makers supporting the MSW recycling and energy recovery policies as well as the climate change mitigation efforts at local government level.

Key Words

Municipal solid waste, Recycling, Material recycling, GHG emission, Reduction

양원석 Won-seok Yang , 박호연 Ho-yeun Park , 강준구 Jun-gu Kang , 이영진 Young-jin Lee , 이영기 Young-kee Lee , 윤영욱 Young-wook Yoon , 전태완 Tae-wan Jeon

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.616

Abstract

The quality standards of solid refuse fuel (SRF) define the values for 12 physico-chemical properties, including moisture, lower heating value, and metal compounds, according to Article 20 of the Enforcement Rules of the Act on Resource Saving and Recycling Promotion. These parameters are evaluated via various SRF Quality Test Methods, but problems related to the heavy metal content have been observed in the microwave acid digestion method. Therefore, these methods and their applicability need improvement. In this study, the appropriate testing conditions were derived by varying the parameters of microwave acid digestion, such as microwave power and pre-treatment time. The pre-treatment of SRF as a function of the microwave power revealed an incomplete decomposition of the sample at 600 W, and the heavy metal content analysis was difficult to perform under 9 mL of nitric acid and 3 mL of hydrochloric acid. The experiments with the reference materials under nitric acid at 600 W lasted 30 minutes, and 1,000 W for 20 or 30 minutes were considered optimal conditions. The results confirmed that a mixture of SRF and an acid would take about 20 minutes to reach 180 ℃, requiring at least 30 minutes of pre-treatment. The accuracy was within 30% of the standard deviation, with a precision of 70 ~ 130% of the heavy metal recovery rate. By applying these conditions to SRF, the results for each condition were not significantly different and the heavy metal standards for As, Pb, Cd, and Cr were satisfied.

Key Words

Solid refuse fuel, Acid digestion, Hazardous heavy metal, Microwave

황석준 Seok-joon Hwang , 황욱 Uk Hwang , 김현철 Hyuncheol Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.627

Abstract

Waste management in Jeju Province, Korea, has recently emerged as an urgent problem. The increasing waste discharge requires more landfills but, since it is an island, the available land is restricted. Accordingly, an efficient waste management urgently requires environmentally sustainable policies. In this article, the waste discharge characteristics (such as the amount of waste, its composition, etc.) of Jeju Province have been compared with those in the rest of Korea. The current industrial waste management of two cities on the Island, Jeju City and Seogwipo City, has been also analyzed to suggest policies for an efficient management. The local government’s endeavor to enhance environmental awareness of the community has been known to reduce the private cost of policy compliance, and have individuals recognize the results of their policy compliance. Policies to achieve the above are then proposed.

Key Words

Efficient waste management, Waste emission trade, Landfill trade

이창열 Chang-yeol Lee , 김성후 Sung-hoo Kim , 정진도 Jin-do Chung

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.640

Abstract

Biomass-fired power plants produce electricity and heat by burning biomass in a boiler. However, one of the most serious problems faced by these plants is severe corrosion. In biomass boilers, corrosion comes from burnt fuels containing alkali, chlorine, and other corrosive substances, causing boiler tube failures, leakages, and shorter lifetimes. To mitigate the problem, various approaches implying the use of additives have been proposed; for example, ammonium sulfate is added to convert the alkali chlorides (mainly KCl) into the less corrosive alkali sulfates. Among these approaches, the high temperature corrosion prevention technology based on ammonium sulfate has few power plants being applied to domestic power plants. This study presents the results obtained during the co-combustion of wood chips and waste in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of pollution load in domestic biomass power plants with ammonium sulfate injection. By injecting the ammonium sulfate, the KCl content decreased from 68.9 to 5 ppm and the NOx were reduced by 18.5 ppm, but SO₂ and HCl were increased by 93.3 and 68 ppm, respectively.

Key Words

Ammonium sulfate, High temperature corrosion, Biomass power plant, KCl, Superheater tube

윤영식 Young-sik Yoon , 박동규 Dong-kyu Park , 구재회 Jae-hoi Gu , 박영수 Yeong-su Park , 서용칠 Yong-chil Seo

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.647

Abstract

The emission of nitrogen oxides has a great environmental impact. It leads to Los Angeles type smog, and it recently has attracted attention as a source of ultrafine dust. The main sources of nitrogen oxides are internal combustion engines and industrial boilers. These emission sources are processes that are essential for human industrial activities, so the regulation of original use is impossible. Therefore, special control methods should be applied to reduce NOx emissions into the atmosphere. In this study, we investigated how the supply of ER and urea influences the removal of nitrogen oxides from SRF combustion boilers. Experimental results show that the removal efficiency of nitrogen oxides can be up to 80% under the conditions of ER 2.0 and a urea feed of 0.5 LPM.

Key Words

SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel), Boiler, NOx (Nitrogen Oxide), Equilibrium constant, SNCR (Selective Non-catalytic Reduction)

장성호 Seong-ho Jang , 김고은 Go-eun Kim , 강정희 Jeong-hee Kang , 류재용 Jae-yong Ryu , 이원기 Won-ki Lee , 이재용 Jae-yong Lee , 박진식 Jin-sick Park

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.653

Abstract

In the industrial wastewater that occupies a large proportion of river pollution, the wastewater generated in textile, leather, and plating industries is hardly decomposable. Though dyeing wastewater has generally been treated using chemical and biological methods, its characteristics cause treatment efficiencies such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) to be reduced only in the activated sludge method. Currently, advanced oxidation technology for the treatment of dyeing wastewater is being developed worldwide. Electro-coagulation is highly adapted to industrial wastewater treatment because it has a high removal efficiency and a short processing time regardless of the biodegradable nature of the contaminant. In this study, the effects of the current density and the electrolyte condition on the COD removal efficiency in dyeing wastewater treatment by using electro-coagulation were tested with an aluminum anode and a stainless steel cathode. The results are as follows: ① When the current density was adjusted to 20 A/m², 40 A/m², and 60 A/m² under the condition without electrolyte, the COD removal efficiency at 60 min was 62.3%, 72.3%, and 81.0%, respectively. ② The removal efficiency with NaCl addition was 7.9% higher on average than that with non-addition at all current densities. ③ The removal efficiency with Na₂SO₄ addition was 4.7% higher on average than that with non-addition at all current densities.

Key Words

Electro-coagulation, Dyeing wastewater, COD, Al

유하녕 Ha Nyoung Yoo , 강준구 Jun Gu Kang , 권영현 Young Hyun Kwon , 고영재 Young Jae Ko , 권준화 Jun Hwa Kwon , 박호연 Ho Yeun Park , 전태완 Tae Wan Jeon , 이영기 Young Kee Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.660

Abstract

Domestic automotive shredder residue (ASR) recycling facilities must comply with 60% of the energy recovery criteria calculated by the waste control act, based on resource circulation of electrical and electronic equipment and vehicles. The method of calculating energy recovery criteria was newly enacted on November 6, 2017, and it has been judged that it is necessary to consider applicability. In this study, the energy recovery efficiency of 7 units was calculated by past and present calculation methods. Furthermore, this study attempts to find applicability and a method of increasing the energy recovery efficiency by taking advantage of available potentials. An analysis of the calculation results showed that the average values calculated by past methods, present methods, and the method that includes available potentials are 76.35%, 70.68%, and 78.24%, respectively. Therefore, the new calculation method for energy recovery efficiency is also applicable to domestic automotive shredder residue recycling facilities.

Key Words

Automotive shredder residue, ASR, Energy recovery, Lower heating value

김우일 Woo-il Kim , 연진모 Jin-mo Yeon , 조나현 Na-hyeon Cho , 김용준 Yong-jun Kim , 엄남일 Nam-il Um , 김기헌 Ki-heon Kim , 이영기 Young-kee Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2018.35.7.670

Abstract

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to humans and the environment through the generation of waste containing engineered nanomaterials (WCNMs) and the use and disposal of nano-products. Nanoparticles can also be introduced intentionally or unintentionally into waste streams. This study examined WCNMs in domestic industries, and target nanomaterials, such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nano silver, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were selected. We tested 48 samples, such as dust, sludge, ash, and by-products from manufacturing facilities and waste treatment facilities. We analyzed leaching and content concentrations for heavy metals and hazardous constituents of the waste. Chemical compositions were also measured by XRD and XRF, and the unique properties of nano-waste were identified by using a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. The dust and sludge generated from manufacturing facilities and the use of nanomaterials showed higher concentrations of metals such as lead, arsenic, chromium, barium, and zinc. Oiled cloths from facilities using nano silver revealed high concentrations of copper, and the leaching concentrations of copper and lead in fly ash were higher than those in bottom ash. In XRF measurements at the facilities, we detected compounds such as silicon dioxide, sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. We found several chemicals such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide in the bottom ash of waste incinerators.

Key Words

ENMs, Waste treatment facilities, Sludge, Ash, Leachate