신선경 Sun Kyoung Shin , 연진모 Jin Mo Yeon , 김우일 Woo Il Kim , 강영렬 Young Yeul Kang , 정성경 Seong Kyeong Jeong , 조윤아 Yoon A Cho , 김민선 Min Sun Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.1

Abstract

In this study, PCBs and PAHs in waste oils and liquid fuel waste were analyzed. About 48 samples were collected and analyed, for hazardous substances such as PBCs, PAHs by GC/ECDand GC/MSD. According to the analysis, seven types of PCBs concentration was found in the range of 0.13 ~ 220.77 mg/kg. The highest concentration level was found in waste insulating and heat transmission oils (EWC 13 03 08), as 220.77 mg/kg. Comparing the level of PCBs to other countries, PCB concentration in this study was lower than that of China but higher than Japan. PAHs concentration was in the range of NS ~ 1,380.0 mg/kg for Naphthalene, ND ~ 1,570.0 mg/kg for Phenanthrene, ND ~ 321.2 mg/kg for Anthracene, ND ~ 44.1 mg/kg for Benzo[a]pyrene, ND ~ 80.8 mg/kg for Fluoranthene, ND ~ 14.3 mg/kg for Benzo[a]anthracene and ND ~ 8.7 mg/kg for Benzo[b]fluoranthene. The concentration 7 PAH in the waste oil showed the order of Automotive oil > Hydraulic oil > Cutting oil > Machine oil. The Benzo(a)pyrene which is known as high carcinogenic compound was detected with low concentration. Compared to other waste from other countries, the concentration of this study is higher than that of Japan and lower than that of China. The PAHs concentration was lower than Automotive oil, Cutting oil. Machine oil, in Spain.

Key Words

Oil waste, PCBs, PAHs, GC, ECD, MSD

신종선 Jong Seon Shin , 조성호 Sung Ho Jo , 문종호 Jong Ho Moon , 선도원 Dowon Shun

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.7

Abstract

In this study, the experiments which use the dry absorbent has been executed in order to find optimum HCI absorptiom conditions. The absorbents in this experiment were Ca(OH)2-A, Ca(OH)2-B and CaO. They were put in a fixed-bed reactor. The reaction temperature of HCI / Ca(OH)2 systems were between 200 ~ 400°C. CaO also showed the similar tendency with the result of Ca(OH)2. In case of same particle sizes, as reaction temperature increased, the reaction rate constant (k) also increased. The highest reaction rate constant of Ca(OH)2-B was 3,952 min0-1 at 400°C. All absorbents in this experiment showed that the reaction rate decreased with increasing the size of the particles at each temperature condition. The kinetics of the reaction between sorbents and HCI molecules showed that the activation energies were about 2.71 ~ 6.85 keal · mol-1 (average 4.53 kcal · mol-1) for Ca(OH)2-A, about 1.3011.51 kcal · mol-1 (average 6.10 kcal · mol-1) for Ca(OH)2-B, and about 2.5314.3 kcal · mol-a (average 6.91 kcal · mol-1) for CaO depending on conversion ratios.

Key Words

Hydrogen chloride, Sorbents

양은모 Eun Mo Yang , 이주호 Ju Ho Lee , 이희선 Hi Sun Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.17

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the reduction costs of waste treatment and the increasing benefits of recyclable according to the volume-based waste fee system. The effects of waste treating costs reduction is calculated by the collection and transport costs, Landfill costs and Incineration costs. These are calculated by each reduction amounts and disposal unit prices through year 1995 ~ 2009. The effects of recycling benefits of each item is calculated by variation amount of each recycling items and each unit prices. The time value of money is also considered to get both total waste treating reduction costs and the present value of recycling items. In addition, the improvement in low percentage of ‘financial independence of cleaning’ and ‘residents burden rate’ are needed to actualize the volume-based waste fee system. The reason is that these make hard to cover whole cleaning budget by itself. Therefore, it it true that raising the price of bag of the volume-based waste fee is unavoidable and differential rate of raising the price of bag is needed. This paper deducts three suggestions to raise the price of Volume-based Waste Fee System bag to develop the Volume-based Waste Fee System further more.

Key Words

The volume-based waste fee system, Reduced waste amounts, Increased recyclable waste amounts, Time value of money, Waste management policy

박장우 Jang Woo Park , 박기병 Ki Byung Park , 이준석 Jun Seok Lee , 이은영 Eun Young Lee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.29

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the feasibility of ion-exchange resins as soil amendment. To select resins, we investigate four kinds of ion exchange resins, which ions have the most adsorption efficiency of ions (N+), PO4, K+). In the Cation (H+) vs Anion (OH-) = 1 : 2 (w : w), it showed that the highest N, P, K adsorption efficiency was about 80% and reached pH 6 ~ 7 & EC 1 ~ 2 dS/, after 20 min. The ability to maintain ion adsorption, it was investigated that the gentle curve of the residual ion ratio of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium was maintained. On the other hand, the control (Slow release fertilizer) was significantly reduced under artificial rainfall conditions. In addition, the results of three consecutive crop test were showed that the growth of crops decreased 41.8% than the early growth in the control group, whereas decreased 8.3% in the treatment group (ion exchange resins). According to the results of soil analysis, it was reduced that the fertilizer ingredients (N 94&, P 74.5%, K 98.6%) in the control and reduced fertilizer ingredients (N 64%, P 60.3%, K 58.4%) in the treatment. Overall, it was estimated that the lon-exchange resins could be used as a soil amendment.

Key Words

Salt accumulation, lon-exchange resins, Soil amendments

이용운 Yong Woon Lee , 박진제 Jin Je Park , 강기섭 Kie Seop Kang , 류창국 Chang Kook Ryu , 양원 Won Yang

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.39

Abstract

Pyrolysis of biomass is the thermal decomposition of its carbohydrate structures into numerious hydrocarbon compounds, light gased and carbon-rich solid residue. Understanding the pyrolysis characteristics is essential as fundamental data for various thermo-chemical conversion of biomass. This study investigated slow pyrolysis of four Indonesian biomass (sugarcane bagasse, cocopeat, palm kernel shell (PKS), umbrella tree) for a temperature range of 300 ~ 600°C. With increase in temperature, all samples showed a decrease in the biochar yield as more compounds were released as vapors increasing the bio-oil and gas yields. The biochar became more carbon-rich with a carbon content of 85% or higher at 500°C. However, the product yields and properties showed large variations between the samples. Cocopeat had the highest biochar yield, while wood and baggasse had the highest bio-oil yield. Despite the low mass yield, the biochar of wood and bagasse had the best quality in terms of macro-pore and micro-pore development, which is a key property for its applications as adsorbent, soil ameliorator, as well as fuel. The bio-oil did not have a sufficiently high HHV for use as main fuel, but could be utilized through co0firing or slurry production with biochar. In the light gases, CO and CO2 were dominant, but could be burned on-site to supply the heat required for pyrolysis.

Key Words

Agricultural waste, Biomass, Pyrolysis product, Renewable energy, Slow pyrolysis

이승훈 Seung Hoon Lee , 온일상 Il Sang Ohn , 김호 Ho Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.47

Abstract

Quality of GHG emission from solid waste disposal depends on level of activity data. Activity data of solid waste disposal is mass of waste disposal and waste composition. Waste composition is one of the main factors influencing emissions from solid waste disposal. According to GHG target management in Korea, uncertainty of activity data determined by level of tier. We suggest minimum sample number for analysis of waste composition. In result, we suggest to revise the guideline for GHG target management that minimum sample number for analysis of waste composition must be over 73 times during 3 years for total uncertainty of waste composition must be less than or equal to 7.5% (Tier I level).

Key Words

GHG, Waste composition, Uncertainty of activity data, Minimum sample number, Guideline for GHG target management

박종은 Jong Eun Park , 정태완 Tae Wan Jeon , 정미정 Mi Jeong Jeong , 신선경 Sun Kyoung Shin , 정용우 Yong Woo Jeong , 오길종 Gil Jong Oh , 신호상 Ho Sang Shin

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.53

Abstract

Six lab scale reactors were designed having the height of 1/20 scale of real burial site and each reactors contained a leachate collecting system. Cattle and pigs were buried in these reactors, and leachate was collected to determine the concentration of antibiotics. Leachate samples were collected periodically over a period of 24 weeks along with the trend of temperature and decomposition degree. Sulfachloropyridazine was detected in the initial leachate (4 and 8 weeks samples) from the cattle I and cattle 2 reactors, as 56 μg/L respectively and thereafter it was not detected in leachate (16 ~ 24 weeks samples). Most of the antibiotics concentration were detected higher in leachate released in between 4 ~ 8 weeks. However, sulfadimidine was detected throughout 24 weeks in cattle I reactor, with the range of 2.2 ~ 17.5 μg/L. As a result of comparison with different aqueous environment, improper management of carcass burial sites may result in both surface water and groundwater contamination. To protect public health and to prevent/minimize the negative impacts of contamination by antibiotics, proper environmental monitoring of leachate before and after carcass disposal is necessary.

Key Words

FMD, Foot and Mouth disease, Burial, Antibiotics, Leachate

김철민 Chul Min Kim , 이희건 Hui Keon Lee , 김태용 Tae Yong Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.61

Abstract

In order to improve the potential for the resource circulation of household waste that is being handled by local governments within major cities, this research has analyzed the characteristics of waste produced and presented a blueprint for a coding system for household waste, to enable the operation of a resource circulation management processing system based on this analysis. The coding system -format #-#-##-#-#- has been developed to mirror the 6-digit number codes used nationally for categorizing industrial and harmful waste. In order to boost resource circulation, the household waste coding system has been composed as such: ‘waste production category > kind of waste > waste item > circulation grade > related industry,’ to offer a more effective means of managing household waste. A waste management processing system constructed according to the coding system developed through this research will not only make waste management simple but serve to promote resource circulation. This system has been applied for the resource circulation management of household waste in Nowon-gu in Seoul. As a result of this application 6 categories of waste production, 20 kinds of waste, 155 waste items, 9 circulation grades and 26 connected industries were codified. Going forward, on the basis of this research the code systems used in a wide range of local governments for the classification of household waste should be researched and a means of standardization formulated. In addition there is a need for research to be conducted into integration with existing industrial and harmful waste coding systems.

Key Words

Resource circulation, Household waste, Waste coding system, Waste management, Classification of waste

김완기 Wan Ki Kim , 김득모 Deuck Mo Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.70

Abstract

The development of functional finished for the improvement of indoor air quality is one of important issues in the field of building materials. Indoor air quality can be affected by gases, particulates, microbial contaminants or any mass that can induce adverse health conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop eco-friendly internal material of acrylic emulsion mortars using light-weight aggregate carrier which contains pyroligneous liquid. Four types of light-weight aggregates (perlite, vermiculite, charcoal and zeolite) those are functionally used in interior finishing materials are selected and the properties such as flowability, adhesion, water absorption coefficient, crack and impact resistance are evaluated in accordance with KS F 4715. As a result, the properties of acrylic emulsion mortars using light-weight carrier in this study are satisfied with KS requirements. Among the four types of mortars with light-weight carrier, properties of acrylic emulsion mortars using zeolite carrier is more excellent than those of other light-weight carriers.

Key Words

Acrylic emulsion, Pyroligneous liquid, Light-weight carrier, Adhesion in tension, Water absorption coefficient

이영수 Young Su Lee , 김재영 Jae Young Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.79

Abstract

Leachate generation is an inevitable consequence of waste disposal in landfills. Numerous mathematical models have been developed to simulate leachate occurrence and behavior. However, these models have been successful to a limited extent because of uncertainties associated with biological, chemical, and physical processed in landfills. In order to predict the generation of leachate in closed landfills, correlation analysis was conducted based on precipitation in this paper. Regression analysis for deriving the correlation between precipitation and leachate generation rate was performed in a closed landfill. As a result, we found that the amount of leachate which is generated regardless of precipitation should be considered as well as the percolation of precipitation. Also, it was possible to make an fairly accurate prediction of leachate generation only using precipitation data in this paper. It is suggested that the amount of leachate generation is 4 ~ 8% of monthly precipitation and about 25,000 m3/month of base generation regardless of precipitation. However, the predicted values of leachate generation for the high precipitation seasons were not close to those observed.

Key Words

Leachate generation rate, Closed landfills, Precipitation, Regression analysis

심성훈 Sung Hoon Shim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.89

Abstract

Analyzing results of exhaust gas of solid fuel burning are investigated with measuring position in a pilot scale MILD (Moderate and intense Low oxygen Dilution) combustor using high temperature exhaust gas recirculation. Flue gas has been measured at exit of combustion chamber and stack, especially. Oxygen concentration measured at stack is higher and carbon dioxide concentration is lower than that measured at exit of combustion chamber, because air flows into the flue gas from the post-treatment facilities, such as gas cooler and bag filter, due to negative pressure caused by induced blower. Low carbon dioxide concentration can cause an error which estimates higher air ratio than actual air flow rate needed for complete combustion. Average calculated concentration of measured nitric oxide and carbon monoxide for reference concentration of 6% oxygen have no notable difference with measuring position. But, time resolution of the data measured at exit of combustion chamber is better than that measured at stack. It is confirmed that MILD combustion of solid fuel of pulverized coal using high temperature exhaust gas recirculation can reduce dramatically nitric oxide emission.

Key Words

Nitric oxide, High temperature exhaust recirculation, Low NOx MILD combustion, Measuring position

김태형 Tae Hyoung Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.96

Abstract

It is expected that construction waste include a waste concrete is continuously increase each year in the future. The amount of construction waste is a lot and according to the nature of construction waste, it does not have a serious environmental pollution and hazards. Therefore it is used as recycled aggregate directly or through a simple intermediate treatment. The purpose of this study, recycled aggregate concrete used in a building structure system. Thus this study figure out which physical and mechanical characteristics of recycled aggregates concrete. According to replacement level of recycled aggregates compared with natural aggregate, examine a life cycle CO2 emission and review cost efficiency for the practical use of recycled aggregate concrete. The result of this study that recycled aggregate concrete decline a CO2 emission and decrease material cost when a replacement level is increase. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit volume in aggregate by dry process according to substitution ratio compared with 0%, in 30% is 0.10%, in 50% is 0.34%, in 100% is 0.58% reduce. Aggregate by wet process according to substitution ratio compared with 0%, in 30% is 0.02%, in 50% is 0.20%, in 100% is 0.35% reduce.

Key Words

Recycled aggregate, Concrete, CO2 emission

이민석 Min Seok Lee , 김재경 Jae Kyung Kim , 이승희 Seung Whee Rhee

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.105

Abstract

In order to prevent the spreading infectious disease in domestic animal, livestock excretion should be controlled by sterilization. The basic concept of sterilization can be described by thermal treatment under vacuum state. From the basic concept of sterilization, livestock excretion can be converted to produce renewable energy using the method of carbonization and the method of carbonization can also be reduced greenhouse gas effectively. Chicken manure is used as a sample of renewable energy source in the carbonization reactor. The basic energy characteristics of chicken manure such as proximate analysis, and heating value are estimated. The carbonization residue of chicken manure which is obtained from carbonization experiment is subject to several analyses in order to examine the energy characteristics such as heating value, fuel ratio, combustible index and yield. As increased carbonization temperature, both heating value and fuel ratio (fixed carbon/volatile combustible) of the residue are increased up to 350°C but yield of the residue is decreased. From the results of bulk density, fuel ratio and total heating value of the residue, the optimal conditions of carbonization temperature and time can be decided by about 350°C and 15 min. Since the residue of chicken manure can not be satisfied with the standard of the third grade of solid fuel product, it is desirable that chicken manure be modified with other materials to improve an energy potential and to use as a clean fuel.

Key Words

Chicken manure, Renewable energy, Carbonization residue, Heating value

유흥민 Heung Min Yoo , 서용칠 Yong Chil Seo , 조성진 Sung Jin Cho , 이장수 Jang Soo Lee , 양원석 Won Seok Yang , 박준경 Jun Kyung Park , 박세원 Se Won Park , 최항석 Hang Seok Choi , 이우현 Woo Hyun Kim

DOI:10.9786/kswm.2014.31.1.113

Abstract

There have been a lot of efforts to increase recycling rate by more utilization of end of life vehicles (ELVs) in Korea, The target of recycling rate was set to 85% until 2014 and 95% after 2015 with including up to 10% of energy recovery, according to the law of “regulation about resource recycling of electrical and electronic products and automobiles” Therefore, to achieve 95% of recycling rate by the year of 2015, the automobile and recycling industries should develop an innovative technology to treat automobile shredder residues (ASRs) by efficient means of reduction or conversion to energy, which were generated as final left-over after recovering all the valuables from ELVs. As one of the options to convert to energy forms, the gasification of them was proposed. In this study the gasification experiment was performed using ASRs at fixed-bed reactor with a capacity of 1 kg/hr, at different temperatures of 800, 1,000 and 1,200°C, and at equivalence air ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. The syngas (H2(+)CO) yield from ASR gasification experiment was obtained up to 86% in maximum and about 40% in minimum in the experimental conditions given. There was a trend that the amount of syngas increased with elevated temperatures and the calorific value also showed aimilar trend with syngas production.

Key Words

Automobile shredder residue, ASR, Fixed-bed gasification, End of life vehicles, ELVs, ASR gasification