주문솔 Mun Sol Ju , 大迫政浩 Masahiro Osako , 原料幸彦 Sachihike Harashina

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Abstract

Quantitative analysis of food waste, especially food loss, has received worldwide attention in the viewpoint of efficient food supply and consumption. Food waste generation characteristics expressed as the place and the quantity are influenced by food consumption styles. Food consumption styles can be classified into Meals at home, Convenience meals, and Meals outside the home. And also food waste was classified into food loss and inedible portion, here, the two have different meaning in terms of reason for generation and the social meaning, Using Material Flow Analysis (MFA), food and food loss flow of Japan in 2008 was drawn, and food waste generation rate by food consumption styles were calculated. First result is that meat, sea foods, and fat are much consumed in externalized meal (convenience meals or meals outside the home). After allocating foodstuffs to each food consumption style, we made a flow diagram of food waste. In wholistic viewpoint, it indicated that food loss are generated mostly in households and restaurants, which is caused by consumer`s including consumer sector and industrial sector, However, in only industrial part, convenience meals has the highest level on food loss, which means convenience meals increase food loss in supply chain before reaching consumer. Social changes have driven the increase of convenience meals, but also food waste weight-charged system, which is new policy in Korea, may cause the increase of pre-cooked food consumption in households and restaurants. Therefore, it is necessary to do monitor the change of food consumption styles and whole sectors of food waste generation sectors. Material Flow Analysis can be considered as a useful tool to monitor the change and assess the performance by the system from a holistic perspective.

Key Words

Food consumption style, Food waste generation, Material flow analysis

황용우 Yong Woo Hwang , 민달기 Dal Ki Min

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Abstract

This paper is a research on the economical analysis of the food waste recycling in order to enhance the proper management of food waste. In Korea, food waste is separated from the source compulsorily and treated on the feed, compost and other recycling plant. In this study the present economical evaluations of food waste recycling plants, such as collection & transportation, construction, operation cost and B/C analysis, is investigated. Based on a food waste recycling plants with a 50 ton/day, costing analysis was conducted by the present value criterion technique. The actual operation costs for directly operated plants were 88,358 won/ton for feed production, 79,015 won/ton for composting, 49.934 won/ton for other recycling, and 96.285 won/ton for incineration. When the profit from products sale for each recycling system and the depreciation cost of plants were considered, the costs for direct operation were 95,784 won/ton for feed production system, 96,824 won/ton for composting system, 56,576 won/ton for other recovery system and 143,776 won/ton for incineration system. And when a new facility is constructed, feed production could be favorable in operation cost and environmental aspects.

Key Words

Food waste & recycling plant, Standard cost of construction & operation, Economical evaluation

김진태 Jintae Kim , 김건국 Geonguk Kim , 전지현 Jihyun Jung , 장용철 Yong Chul Jang , 강호 Ho Kang

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Abstract

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is important for evaluating various reduction measures for greenhouse gas, which causes significant negative impacts on earth. To estimate GHG emission from waste sector over the period of between 200 and 2009 in Daejeon Metropolitan City, the 2006 IPCC (Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change) and Korean GHG Inventory for local govemment guidelines and methodologies were employed. Four different waste treatment methods (Iandfill, incineration, biological treatment, and Sewage wastewater treatment) were evaluated to estimate GHG emission by following the guidelines. The trends of GHG emission rate by direct emission increased between 2000 and 2009 as a result of increased incineration rate. The solid waste sector was directly responsible for 307,700 ton CO2dq/yr in 2009. Incineration contributed approximately 57% of the GHG emission, while landfill disposal was responsible for about 30% of the GHG Approximately 464,400 tonCO2eq/yr in 2009 was emitted by indirect emission from the waste sector. Based on the results, a variety of measures are needed to reduce the GHG emission from waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City along with implementing effective waste source reduction and recycling policy. More specifically, this evaluation proposed that among the possible reduction options, further source separation of recyclables as well as improved diversion of recyclable materials at proposed Daejeon resource recycling complex in 2014 would have the greater benefits for reducing GHG emissions in Daejeon Metropolitan City`s waste sector.

Key Words

Greenhouse gas, Emission factor, Factor, Landfill, Incineration, Biological treatment, Wastewater treatment

공인철 In Chul Kong , 이소라 Sora Lee

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Abstract

The effects of sole, mixture heavy metals and soil samples was assessed based on the seed (Lactuca sativa L) germination, In general, tested sole metals were showed considerable sensitivity on the germination ,showing following EC50s: As(III) 1.02 mg/L, Cr(VI) 1.33mg/L, Cu 2.26 mg/L, Cd 2.61 mg/L, As(V) 3.00 mg/L. Though obvious patterns were not observed on the effects by binary mixture metal, generally more synergistic mode was observed rather than antagonistic or additive. No significant correlation between toxicity and total metal contents was observed, but two groups classified according to contaminated arsenic concentration, showed considerable differences. Interactive effects of metals may vary depending on the bioassays used as well as on the mixture metals and their respective concentrations. Therefore, more detailed evaluation, such as with battery of assays, sample grouping and various mixtures, may comprise a useful tool for the assessment of the environmental samples with mixture contaminants.

Key Words

Arsenics, Bioassays, Seed germination, Heavy metal mixture, Soils

정봉진 Bong Jin Jung

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Abstract

Chlorine content in the MSW incineration ash and coal is a critical factor in considering the design and operation of incinerator and power plant et al. because HCL gas emitted from the plants causes not only air pollution but also the corrosion of plant. Chemical method for the determination of chlorine content in the solid samples is the most common approach, but it is mostly applied to the determination of low concentration of chlorine content in the sample. So standard method is needed to measure the high concentration of low concentration of chlorine content in the sample, So standard method is needed to measure the high concentration of chlorine content of solid samples, Eschka method which is based on the ASTM (D 2361-85)can be used to determine chlorine content in coal, but it is not sure that it can be applied to measure the high concentration of chlorine content of solid samples. For this, determination of chlorine contents by Eschka measue the high concentration of chlorine content of solid samples. For this, determination of chlorine contents by Eschka method was carried out by using pure reagents having high chlorine content, and the results were compared as the basis of theoretical and experimental values. Also MSW bottom and fly ashes, PVC and coals were selected for determination of chlorine content by Eschka method. Eschka method with potentiometric titrator can be measured high concentration of chlorine contents by controlling titrant`s concentration. Based on the test results of various kinds of solid samples, the Eschka method is more recommended in the measurement of chlorine content in MSW incineration ashes and coals.

Key Words

Chlorine content, Eschka method, Municipal Solid Waste, Coal, Ash

정태호 Tae Ho Jeong , 남궁완 Wan Nam Koong

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the immobilization efficiency and sequential extraction of soluble phosphates (Na2 HPO4 ·12HO2, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O,(NH4)2HPO4) for the stabilization of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in abandoned mine soil. The application rate of stabilizers to soils was determinated PO4/Pbtotal molar ratio of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 The immobilization efficiency was evaluate of TCLP (EPA method 1311) used in a landfill for heavy metals, After processing stabilization, the immobilization efficiency of Pb is more than 95% at molar ratio of 2.0 regardless kind of phosphate. For Cu Zn and Cd, on the other hand, the efficiency has the range of from 30% to 50%, even though molar ratio increase up to 4.0, It is relatively low in comparison with Pb. Leachability of heavy metals was reduced with increasing amounts of added phosphate. Phosphates, Na2HPO4·12H2O was more immobilization than Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4.After sequential extraction, form of heavy metals in soil tends to increase strongly bond like forms of organic matter-bound (F4) And residual (F5), Especially the stable residual form increases in all metals, The growth rate of residual fraction was a little different heavy metals, The growth rate of Zn is greatest increased from 17% to 22% than other metals, it was followed by Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu. Phosphates, Ca (H2PO4)2·H2O was the greatest increased for residual fraction.

Key Words

Heavy metals, Immobilization, Phosphate, TCLP, Sequential extraction

김진만 Jin Man Kim , 반헌일 Hun Il Park

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Abstract

Replacement aggregate source like as electric arc furnace slag will be important more and more in the domestic construction field. Recently KS F 4715 was revised in order to utilize electric arc furnace slag as concrete aggregate. However, stability for an actual structure has not been confirmed sufficiently. Therefore, more careful attention should be paid on the quality management of slag aggregate. To evaluate the volume stability of electric arc furnace slag, a method of immersion expansion for evaluating road aggregate has been used, These conventional method needs long time, so there are many demands from industry for fast testing method, This paper is intended to evaluate whether the acceleration test method in the hydro thermal condition is proper or not, and find the correlations between the volume expansion and oxide compounds of slag aggregate. The test results indicates that the acceleration test method has sufficient possibility as a way of evaluating the safety of electric arc furnace slag, and that there is no correlations between the volume expansion of mortar bar with slag aggregate and the oxide compositions of slag aggregate, but the main cause of the pop-out phenomenon is the MgO content of slag aggregate.

Key Words

Electric are furnace slag, Concrete aggregate, Free CaO, Free MgO, Pop out

박장우 Jang Woo Park , 박기병 Ki Byung Park , 문준혁 Joon Hyuk Moon , 이준석 Jun Seok Lee , 이은영 Eun Young Lee

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Abstract

This study is about a kind of organic waste, food waste, and was conducted by using an alternative medium for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms to examine applicability. The study investigated the cultivation characteristics for major cultivated varieties of oyster mushrooms and the growth characteristics within food waste mediums. In addition, NaCl desalinization of food waste is being pointed out as a problem when using the medium, therefore, the effects of the medium`s composition were examined by using calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is used for desalinization of NaCl, This study investigated the use of a total of 6 cultivars of the oyster mushroom, the Suhan (PL.1), Chiak No.5 (PL.2), Chiak NO.7 (PL.3), Smgu No.5 (PL.4). Samgu No.8 (PL.5), Jangan No.45 (PL.6). In terms of medium, the optimum growth of the mycelium of the oyster mushroom was observed in the PDA medium. The optimal culture conditions was investigated and found insufficient in the bulk of cultivars. But Chiak No.7 (PL.3) was superior to that of other cultivars relative to the mycelium`s growth. (Mycelium`s growth: Chiak No.7 (PL.3) was superior to that of other cultivars relative to the mycelium`s growth. (Mycelium`s growth: Chiak No.7 (PL.3) =Jangan No.5 (PL.6)> Samgu No.8 (PL.5)>Samgu No.5 (PL.4)>Suhan (PL.1)>Chiak No.5 (PL.2)). In the test of desalinization using Calcium carbonate, the early salt concentration was 4.3%. When treation the calcium carbonate (1~10%) in the food waste, a change of salt concentration less than 5% of the calcium carbonate could be observed. Also, when treating the calcium carbonate (1~10%, w/w) in the food waste medium, a great change of EC could not be observed either. Therefore, the addition of calcium carbonate to food waste does not affect the growth of the mushroom, thus we had to speculate about the possibility of using food waste in the cultivation of oyster mushrooms.

Key Words

Food wastes, Organic waste, Oyster mushroom, Desalinization, Calcium carbonate

정지선 Ji Sun Jung , 오미현 Mi Hyeon Oh , 한인섭 Ihn Sup Han , 홍성민 Sung Min Hong , 홍상현 Sang Hun Hong

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Abstract

T-N and T-P in the filtrate from Sludge Treatment Process (STP) was returned to water treatment processing, because T-N and T-P are returned, it makes overload in Advanced Treatment Process. Removal efficiency of T_N and T-P are compared both at using polymer as simple method and at using PFS and polymer as complex method when coagulants was injected in Thickener, In simple method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 95.68% and 99.29% for each. In complex method, removal efficiency of T-N and T-P were 98.07% and 99.90% for each. From the result, removal efficiency of complex method was highly better than simple method. According to increasing of removal efficiency, returned T-N and T-P loading to water treatment process was decreased (Reduced amount of T-N is 0.2309 kg/hr and T-P is 0.0145 kg/hr). Also, the amount of a polymer used has been decreased to 80% by using PFS.

Key Words

Thickening filtrate, Poly ferric sulfate, Coagulant, Flocculation, Phosphorus removal

천성남 Sungnam Chun , 이정빈 Jungbin Lee , 김준한 Junhan Kim , 엄용석 Yongseok Eum

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Abstract

In this study, we devised a regeneration process for deactivated catalyst which used in SCR denitrification facility using sulfuric acid. Catalyst regeneration process using sulfuric acid showed the recovery of the activity of waste catalyst over 80% comparison with new catalyst, and we optimized operation condition through control sulfuric acid concentration and regeneration time, The activity recovery ratio of waste catalyst was revealed at 0.5 M sulfuric acid in regeneration solution, but for the case of higher than 2.5 M of H2SO4 concentration, activity recovery high hest ratio was decreased owingh to the elution of active compounds from the catalyst surface. The eluted active compounds were increased for the case of longer regeneration time and higher sulfuric acid concentration. Sulfuric acid concentration and regeneration time were main operation factors in regeneration of waste catalyst. But, the conditions of waste catalyst are affected by the boiler and SCR operating conditions and preliminary tests are needed to check the waste catalyst and decide the regeneration method and process.

Key Words

SCR Catalyst, Regeneration, Deactivation, Sulfuric acid solution

배재근 Chae Gun Phae , 조원택 Won Taik Cho , 연성모 Sung Mo Yeon

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Abstract

This research evaluated the environmental impact of waste film used in the farming industry which is subject to voluntary agreement by Waste Charge System using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). When analyzing the environmental scores applying weighted values, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had nearly 73%, 15% and 11% of contribution to the environmental impact and also, amongst impact categories, resource depletion and global warming had 63% and 32% of contribution respectively. For resource depletion which had the highest contribution, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal occupied around 86%, 9% and 4% of it, and the impact category of resource depletion that belongs to production of raw materials, accounted for about 54% of the whole environmental score, Here, over 95% of it was caused by crude oil. When investigating the contribution of each phase to global warming that is the key issue of low carbon green growth, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had respectively, 45%, 28% and 27% of contribution. As the result, production of goods and disposal had higher contributions than resource depletion. The entire contribution of production of goods and disposal to global warming was about 17%, and it is predicted that it would bring a huge impact, considering the possibility of establishing improvement plans. In the production of goods, electricity consumed was the main cause of global warming, and electricity used in the recycling process and incineration occupied approximately 52% and 45% of the disposal stage. In conclusion, we should pay attention to energy used in the production of goods and recycling for improving an environmental competitiveness of goods, and reduction of energy would be able to satisfy economic feasibility and environmental efficiency of the whole process of agricultural PE film.

Key Words

Ploy ethylene (PE) film, agricultural material, Life cycle assessment (LCA), recycling

유흥민 Heung Min Yoo , 조성진 Sung Jin Cho , 양원석 Won Seok Yang , 한병현 Byung Hyun Han , 김기헌 Ki Heon Kim , 정해영 Hae Young Jung , 서용칠 Yong Chil Seo

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Abstract

As increasing incidents of FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease) in recent years, the country has struggled with huge economic losses and environmental problems. Because of relying only on the burial method according to domestic condition, it needs to consider the alternative measure such as the incineration with being no secondary environmental pollution. In addition, such FMD and AI (Avian Influenza) as classifying in the first class malignant diseases are very important to be ready with rapidly initial response because of the fact being quickly spreaded with high infection speed. Accordingly, a favorable initial response by the introduction of mobile incinerators has been forced to consider. In this study, it analyzed and compared the existing disposal regulations and methods of carcasscs to cstabish the reasonableness about introducing an incineration technology. In addition, domestic and international disposal status was compared as investigating regulations or disposal law, guidelines of livestock in major developed countries. To introduce the mobile incineration facilities in domestic, it is surveyed international examples and related regulations of using and developing mobile incinerators. The results of study could be used as basic information to design and utilize a mobile incineration process for slaughter animals by deceases.

Key Words

Incineration, Mobile Incinerator, Carcass, FMD, AI