위정호 Jung Ho Wee , 최경식 Kyoung Sik Choi

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Abstract

Currently, 44 municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are operated in Korea and the amount of CO2 emitted from them is estimated to be 4.64 million tons. Present paper investigates and analyzes several technologies which potentially and efficiently capture CO2 emission from the MSWIs. The analysis is primarily based on the synergy effects of the technology with the traditional MSWIs as well as its status and maturity. As a result, it is found that post-combustion capture technologies such as absorption, adsorption and membrane separation can be efficiently utilized to reduce the CO2 emission, However, in short term, chemical absorption based on spray drier using NaOH-Ca (OH)2 solution as the absorbent is considered to be the most promising technology because the process is similar to the MSWI in terms of technology including units and chemicals. If the process is used to capture CO2 in MSWIs, the maximum amount of possibly reduced CO2 is estimated to be approximately 48% without wasted water.

Key Words

Greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, Carbon capture and storage, Municipal solid waste incinerator

이지현 Ji Hyeon Lee , 이우근 Woo Keun Lee

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Abstract

In recent centuries, human activities have fundamentally altered the Earth`s bio-and geochemical cycle. Korea rank as the 9th largest GHGs emission nation of GHG emissions among OECD countries by deforestation the burning of fossil fuels on in 2002. 647,934,088tC of GHG is emitted from Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the strategy to reduce GHG emission dramatically. GHGs emitted are partly absorbed by the forest. Its absorption amount is made a difference by types and ages of a wood. But the calculation method of its absorption is very simplified in 2006 IPCC guideline. Although it is very convenient, the difference of GHGs absorption is considerably large. In this study, we calculate and compare GHGs absorption in two cases with or without consideration of type and ages of forest. According to the results, the difference was approximately 6~12% in this study. But if we can use more detailed data, it may become larger.

Key Words

Climate change, IPCC Guideline, Carbon absorption, Forestry, GHGs

오상원 Sang Won Oh , 남궁완 Wan Namkoong

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Abstract

The objective of this study is to evaluate behavior and treatment characteristics of heavy metal such as Pb, Zn and Cu in a fly ash when it was treated with microwave with irradiation strength up to 700 W for 5 minutes. KSLP (Korea Standard Leaching Procedure) test was carried out to examine any effect of microwave treatment on leachability of Pb, Zn and Cu in the fly ash. Sequential extraction analysis were carried out to investigate the effect of the microwave on the leaching performance of 5 different forms of heavy metals in the fly ash. Results showed that stability or dissolution of each metals (Pb, Zn, Cu) for optimal strength of the microwave was different. Depending on the objectives of the treatment (stabilization or leaching), the microwave strength should be determined. For stabilization of Pb and Zn, the optimal intensity of the microwave was 100W, and for Cu it was 200W. According to sequential extraction analysis, leaching concentration only the exchangeable form (step one) of heavy metals were decreased by microwave irradiation strength. No distinct treads were observed for other forms (Carbonate, Reducible, Oxidizable, Residual) with the microwave treatment intensity. SEM analysis indicated that the pore size of the fly ash after microwave treatment were increased.

Key Words

Microwave, Fly ash, Heavy metal, Leaching, Sequential extraction

브이홍하 Hong Ha Bui , 윤용수 Yong Soo Yoon

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Abstract

In this study, electrochemical treatment of T-P with cylindrical Fe electrode as anode was performed in batch mode to determine the optimal design and operating factor. Experiment was divided two kind of sample, one is synthesized wastewater and another is practical treated wastewater from pilot plant for advanced treatment of sewage. Applied potential were 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 volt and added NaCl as electrolyte were 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05%. As applied potential increased and added NaCl concentration increased, as remaining T-P concentration decreased and most case remained T-P concentration could be obtained less than 0.2 mg/L as proper reaction time. From the results of this study, feasibility of electrolytic treatment of T-P Confirmed, and optimal conditions for removing of T-P was obtained as follows; 10 volt and 0.05% NaCl concentration.

Key Words

Electrolysis, Potential, NaCl, Demand of Fe, T-P removal

김정수 Jeong Su Kim , 형원길 Won Gil Hyung , 소양섭 Yang Seob Soh , 이화영 Hwa Young Lee , 문경주 Kyoung Joo Mun , 박원춘 Won Chun Park , 윤성진 Seong Jin Yoon

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Abstract

As the pH of NSC paste prepared as an alternative to OPC using industrial byproducts such as GBFS, PG and WL is around 11, it is considered possible to utilize it as cement for solidification in disposing industrial waste. Thus, in order to examine the usability of NSC as cement for solidification in disposing industrial waste, this study evaluated its effect on the hydration of cement and the microstructure of hydrates, and analyzed its mechanical properties. The Cr immobilization rate of NSC hardened cement product for heavy metal Cr was lower than BSC but higher than OPC, and the Pb immobilization rate was highest in NSC regardless of curing age and addition rate. The compressive strength of NSC mortar containing Pb was higher than that of OPC and BSC mortar, but the compressive strength of NSC mortar containing Cr was lower than that of OPC mortar. Considering its mechanical characteristics, NSC may be usable as a solidifying agent for wastes containing a large volume of Pb ions.

Key Words

Non Sintered Cement, Heavy metals bounding capacity, Solidifying cement

조대철 Dae Chul Cho , 박병기 Byung Gi Park , 배환진 Hwan Jin Bae , 박동천 Dong Cheon Park , 박득자 Duk Ja Park , 권성현 Sung Hyun Kwon

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Abstract

Loess and bamboo charcoal are representing environmentally-friendly construction finishing materials, especially commonly used to control indoor air quality in houses or buildings. We tested those eco-materials, using a test body, in order to figure out how effectively VOCs like formaldehyde and benzene can be eliminated or adsorbed. As a result bamboo charcoal removed 81.1% of input formaldehyde, 93.8% of benzene meanwhile loess removed only 69.9% and56.6% of those, respectively. As charcoal composition became lower, the elimination efficiency tended to decrease more or less. The superior sorption capability of the charcoal seems to be attributed to its diverse pore structure-i.e., properly distributed macro-, meso-, and micro-pores for not only smaller molecules but also macromolecules.

Key Words

Volatile organic compounds, VOCs, Indoor air quality, Bamboo activated carbon, Loess, Formaldehyde, Benzene

전관수 Kwan Soo Jun , 양봉호 Bong Ho Yang , 전창훈 Chang Hoon Jun

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Abstract

The solubilization of sewage sludge by co-ozonation with ultrasonication was evaluated in this study. The COD, T-N and T-P of filtrate and centrifugal supernatant from sludge were determined after ozonation, ultrasonication and co-ozonation with ultrasonication for 30 minutes. The concentrations of centrifugal supernatant were higher than filtrate as much as 25~138%, 33~104% and 15~75% in COD, T-N and T-P, respectively. The COD, T-N and T-P of centrifugal supernatant from sludge after alkaline co-ozonation with ultrasonication were higher than others as much as 111~375%, 29~89% and 40~200%. The alkaline ozonation, ultrasonication and co-ozonation with ultrasonication decreased the VSS/TS ratio to 3.98%, 5.49% and 14.20% comparing with raw sludge. The specific resistance of sludge for dewatering after alkaline co-ozonation with ultrasonication was much higher than raw sludge as much as 2.78E+3%. As a result of this study, alkaline co-ozonation with ultrasonication would be useful for solubilization of organic sludge before the anaerobic digestion.

Key Words

Sewage sludge, Solubilization, Ozonation, Ultrasonication, Centrifuge, Filtrate

강민아 Min A Kang , 강승구 Seung Gu Kang

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Abstract

The artificial aggregates (AAs) of spherical shape of diameter=8 mm containing bottom ashes or landfill ashes discharged from a thermal power plant and dredged soil were manufactured by direct sintering method at 1050~1250℃ for 10minutes. And the red mud additions effect on the bloating phenomenon of AAs was analyzed. The black-coring phenomenon was well-developed and the specific gravity decreased gradually with increasing temperature for the AAs containing landfill ash. Especially the specific gravity of 1 or less was obtained at sintering temperature 1150℃ and over. As the sintering temperature increased, the black core part was gradually enlarged, burst open out of red shell and the absorption rate of AAs containing landfill ash increased due to its exposing to the air caused by shell-breaking. The AAs made with coal bottom ashes did not show the black-coring phenomenon because the excess unburned carbon in the bottom ash induced inordinate reducing atmosphere followed by blacking the whole specimen. Also the specific gravity increased with increasing temperature caused by the no-bloating. The AAs containing bottom ash of the specific gravity 1.4~1.8were obtained when the 10~20wt% red mud was added, and those specimens could be classified into the light~heavy aggregates. The AAS containing landfill ash, on the other hand, had the specific gravity 1 or less when the 10wt% red mud was added and sintered at below 1150℃ or under.

Key Words

Artificial aggregates, Red mud, Coal bottom ash, Landfill ash, Black-coring

김태은 Tae Eun Kim , 정재아 Jae A Jeong , 이우근 Woo Keun Lee

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Abstract

Large amounts of ash have been discharged from incinerator. But only small part of them is recycled. Therefore it is needed how to raise the recyclability. Recently photochemical smog becomes urban environmental problem. It is caused by several contaminants, such as NOx and VOCs. But it is difficult to reduce the emission of VOCs, because it is discharged from fugitive emission. In this study, we researched the method to raise the recyclability of ash and to reduce VOCs concentration in the ambient air. Firstly, we prepared the brick with ash. And then we endowed the adsorptivity on it. The brick was activated by HNO3 and NaOH. CEC value was increased from 2.3 meq/100 g to 17.2~36.6 meq/100 g by the activation. And also, BET was increased from 2.7 m2/g to 3.4~4.8 m2/g. We acted the adsorption experiment to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of the brick using benzene and MEK. According to the results, the breakthrough time of Benzene and MEK increased about 2 times when treated NaOH surface activate, but HNO3 surface activate showed a slightly decreased.

Key Words

MSWI fly ash, Brick, Adsorption, Surface activate, VOCs

윤균덕 Kyoon Duk Yoon , 정은희 Eun Hee Jeong , 김용학 Yong Hak Kim

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Abstract

A study on the characteristics of MSWs is very important data to manage MSWs, and utilizing introduce Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) systeme. Accordingly, we have studied physical composition and size distribution of MSWs by residential types in Y-city, Kyunggi-do. The samples of MSWs were collected from apartment sector, individual dwellings sector, rural sector, commercial sector, seashore sector. The size Analysis of MSWs were distributed into 8classes, such as less more than 10 mm, 10 ~30 mm, 30~50 mm, 50~80 mm, 80~100 mm, 100~150 mm, 150~200 mm, more than 200 mm using trommel. According to the result of physical analysis, combustible materials was indicated 85.59~98.77% and incombustible materials was indicated 1.23~14.41%. And in terms of moisture contents, seashore sector was 40.73%, individual dwellings sector was 38.30%, apartment sector was occupying 30.80%.

Key Words

MSWs, Size distribution, MBT, Combustible, Trommel

양인 In Yang , 오세창 Sei Chang Oh , 안세희 Sye Hee Ahn , 최인규 In Gyu Choi , 김용현 Yong Hyun Kim , 이수민 Soo Min Lee , 한규성 Gyu Seong Han

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Abstract

This work was conducted to examine the potential of rapeseed flour (RF) and rape stalk (RS), which are by-products provided from the production of bio-diesel, as a raw material of solid bio-fuels. At first, the chemical compositions of RF and RS were analyzed, and then pellets were made by RF and RS. After that, the characteristics of RF, RS and the pellets were investigated. Ash contents of RF and RS were much higher than those of wood pellet and the pellet standard adopted by Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI). In the elemental analyses, high contents of nitrogen and sulfur were detected from RF and RS. For the characteristics of RF, RS and the pellets, higher heating values of RF and RS were lower than wood pellet, but the moisture content and density of RF- and RS-pellet were satisfied with KFRI standard for 1st-grade pellet. The durability of RF-pellet was in excess of KFRI standard for 1st-grade pellet, but that of RS-pellet was little bit higher than KFRI standard for 3rd-grade pellet. Based on the results of our works, RF and RS might be used as a raw material of low-grade pellets for cogeneration or large-scale plants. Further processes for the improvements of basic characteristics, such as ash content, nitrogen and sulfur contents, and heating value, are required for RF and RS to be used as a raw materials of high-grade pellet.

Key Words

Rapeseed flour, Rape stalk, Pellet, Durability, Higher heating value, Ash content

정진도 Jin Do Chung , 김정태 Jung Tae Kim , 김장우 Jang Woo Kim

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Abstract

This paper has used high reactive lime with enhanced reactivity instead of previously used lime in order to improve desulfurization efficiency of the DSI process using lime among dry desulfurization methods that the desulfurization efficiency is recognized as a comparatively low process and has verified desulfurization properties according to this. The present experiment observed change of desulfurization efficiency by using a 2MW-class pilot plant. In addition, this experiment has understood the desulfurization efficiency according to a kind of lime, theoretical stoichiometric ratio (SR) of high reactive lime and particle size distribution of lime before and after residence time as experimental parameters and has verified the adsorption theory of SO2 gas. As a result of a pilot scale experiment, the SO2 removal efficiency increased up to around 63% according to experimental conditions, and it appeared that the SO2 removal efficiency of high reactive lime due to pore volume and surface area`s processing of particles is superior because high reactive lime showed more superior removal efficiency up to around 8%~32% than general industrial lime.

Key Words

High reactive Lime, DSI process, SO2 removal efficiency, SR, Mixing enhancement, SO2 gas absorption

남영우 Young Woo Nam , 한금석 Kum Seok Han

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Abstract

Sewage treatment plants increased from 392 sites in 2008 to 432 sites in 2009. Effluent water quality standard in sewage treatment plants was reinforced with 20 mg/L TN and 2 mg/L TP in 2008. And TP sewage effluent water standard will be reinforced with 0.2~0.5 mg/L TP in 2012. In accordance with water quality reinforcement, production of sewage sludge will increased in treatment plant every year. Present state of sewage sludge treatment being disposed by ocean discharge, incineration, dry in domestic country. But the ocean discharge will be prohibited in 2012. So that, we will consider sewage sludge treatment from different point of view and sludge reuse (recycle) ratio will increase in sewage sludge treatment by compost, raw material of cement and fuel in power plant. And sewage sludge treat will be necessary vary of methods.

Key Words

Sewage, Sludge, Treatment, Ocean Discharge, Reuse (recycle)

공승대 Seung Dae Kong , 조서영 Seo Young Cho , 노남선 Nam Sun Nho , 김광호 Kwang Ho Kim

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Abstract

This study is to verify the correspondence of the various refuse derived fuels manufactured by 87 authenticated domestic manufacturers to the standards for the quality and grade such as in low-heating value, contents of moisture, contents of sulfur, contents of chlorine and contents of heavy-metal. Through the analysis, the study will show the current problems of the post management and quality management of refuse derived fuels and propose the methods for enhancing the effectiveness and the reliability on refuse derived fuels as one of the alternative energy sources. The study has examined 3 samples from RDF, 56 from RPF, 23 from WCF and 5 from TDF (total 78 samples) and in result, the 32% of samples from the 13 RPF, 10 WCF and 5 TDF manufacturers are not complied with the standards for the quality and grade. The analysis on the outcome of the study shows that the failure of the quality standards partly came from the contents of moisture caused by storing unit management and also partly from the foreign components such as ash caused by manufacturing process.

Key Words

RDF, Refuse derived fuel, RPF, Refuse plastic fuel, WCF, Wood chip fuel, TDF, Tire derived fuel, Quality management